Yes, but it's a bit of a PITA. The many lakes in the Orlando area make traveling across town only on surface roads rather convoluted and time-consuming.
You can use the toll lanes on 417 anyway and trigger toll-by-plate, but your rental company will also charge a hefty "processing fee" to send you the bill, and they also tend to wait a while to send it, so you get hit with the fine as well. I wouldn't advise it in a rental. (In a personal vehicle it's no problem, as you can just register your car and pay it on the ePass app, but that doesn't work in a rental because the plate is already registered to the rental company, so they automatically get the bill first if the car has no other transponder or if the transponder is registered to them as owner.)
As you missed the free visitor toll passes at MCO, which is the only place to get them, your choice pretty much boils down to cash. The main entrance and exit ramps for WDW and MCO on 417 are apparently manned again and will give change for cash. If you can't rustle up $3.50 by making a few small cash purchases during your trip, you can try going to your hotel's main desk to get change if you need it; they should be willing to give you this much if they have it, as it's less than $5 for the airport tolls. You could also try a bank; there are a few branches located in Celebration and near the SR435 intersection.
Note that the PAYTOLLO app does not work for rentals in Florida.
